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Q.1) विलियम शेक्सपियर के प्रसिद्ध उपन्यास कौन से हैं ?
पहला अंग्रेजी उपन्यास आम तौर पर शेक्सपियर के अंतिम नाटक के सौ साल बाद, 1719 में डैनियल डेफो द्वारा रॉबिन्सन क्रूसो के रूप में स्वीकार किया जाता है।
रॉबिन्सन क्रूसो ने उपन्यासों के लिए शैली और मानक निर्धारित किए, जो गद्य रोमांस (पुराने अर्थों में) यथार्थवादी या प्राकृतिक शैली में लिखे गए थे, जैसे कि वे गैर-काल्पनिक थे। रॉबिन्सन क्रूसो को शुरू में एक तथ्यात्मक खाते के लिए गलत माना गया था। उपन्यास नायक या फोकल चरित्र (नों) के मनोविज्ञान या आंतरिक आवाज की पड़ताल करता है, जो अक्सर आंतरिक एकालाप का व्यापक उपयोग करता है। अधिकांश उपन्यासों में वर्णन के कुछ रूप होते हैं, और कथाकार का प्रकार (पहला या तीसरा व्यक्ति, सर्वज्ञ, सीमित-सर्वज्ञ या सीमित) लेखन में एक महत्वपूर्ण विकल्प है।
शेक्सपियर ने कभी उपन्यास नहीं लिखे। वह अंग्रेजी में सबसे प्रसिद्ध लेखक हैं, लेकिन विशेष रूप से उनके नाटकों और कविताओं के लिए। नाटक बड़े पैमाने पर खाली छंद में लिखे जाते हैं, गद्य के सामयिक अंशों के साथ, आमतौर पर निम्न-जन्म या हास्य पात्रों के लिए।
जबकि आधुनिक फिल्म और टेलीविजन कहावत 'शो, डोंट टेल' का पालन करते हैं, शेक्सपियर स्वयं पात्रों द्वारा वर्णन के साथ दिखाने (या, अधिक सटीक, खुलासा) दोनों को जोड़ता है। उनके पास 'चौथी दीवार को तोड़ना' या 'कैमरे से बात करना' क्षण भी हैं, जहां एक चरित्र दर्शकों को संबोधित करता है, जैसे जैक्स इन ऐज़ यू लाइक इट 'ऑल द वर्ल्ड्स ए स्टेज' भाषण के साथ, या खुद को एकांत में संबोधित करता है, हेमलेट के 'होने या न होने' वाले भाषण में सबसे प्रसिद्ध।
इस तरह, शेक्सपियर बाद के उपन्यासकारों द्वारा उपयोग की जाने वाली कई तकनीकों को प्रस्तुत करता है, और शेक्सपियर को कई अन्य नाटककारों की तुलना में पुस्तक रूप में अधिक आसानी से पढ़ा जा सकता है, हालांकि थिएटर में अनुभव हमेशा बेहतर होता है।
यदि आप शेक्सपियर के प्रसिद्ध नाटक चाहते हैं, तो अधिकांश सूचियों में महान त्रासदी, महान हास्य, दो रोमन नाटक, अधिकांश ऐतिहासिक नाटक और एक ट्रैगी-कॉमेडी शामिल होंगे:
•महान त्रासदी
°हेमलेट
°ओथेलो
°किंग लियर
°मैकबेथ
•रोमन नाटक
समेत:
°जूलियस सीज़र
°एंटनी और क्लियोपेट्रा
•महान हास्य
°बारहवीं रात
°A मिडसमर नाइट्स ड्रीम
°द मर्चेंट ऑफ़ वेनिस
°जैसा आप इसे पसंद करते हैं
°द टेम्पेस्ट
°माप के लिए उपाय
°बहुत हलचल कुछ नहीं के बारे में
°प्यार का श्रम खो गया
°सब भला जो अंत होता है
•ट्रैगी-कॉमेडी
°सर्दियों की कहानी
•ऐतिहासिक नाटक
समेत:
°हेनरी IV भाग I
°हेनरी IV भाग II
°हेनरी वी
° हेनरी VI (भाग I, II, III)
°रिचर्ड II
°रिचर्ड III
•दोषी सुख (मेरा अपना कार्यकाल - व्यापक रूप से पसंद किए जाने वाले नाटक, लेकिन जो वास्तव में दूसरों के समान लीग में नहीं हैं)
°रोमियो और जूलियट
°The Taming of the Shrew
°द कॉमेडी ऑफ़ एरर्स
°विंडसोर की मीरा पत्नियाँ
°Troilus और Cressida
• अधिक दुर्लभ प्रदर्शन - मैं रॉयल शेक्सपियर थियेटर के पास रहता था, और यहां तक कि वे भी कभी-कभार ही प्रदर्शन करते हैं:
°त्रासदी
*साइम्बलाइन
*एथेंस का टिमोन
°रोमन
*टाइटस एंड्रोनिकस
*कोरिओलेनस
°कॉमेडी
*वेरोना के दो सज्जन
*पेरीकल, प्रिंस ऑफ टायर
*दो महान रिश्तेदार
°ऐतिहासिक
*किंग जॉन
*हेनरीआठवा
*एडवर्ड III
Writer : ©Murtin
Translate By : Quick Vision
In Fur by Saki we have the theme of selfishness, appearance, friendship, bitterness, kindness and revenge. Taken from his The Complete Short Stories collection the story is narrated in the third person by an unnamed narrator and after reading the story the reader realises that Saki may be exploring the theme of selfishness. There is a sense that Suzanne is thinking only of herself when she is talking to Eleanor about her birthday. She knows that Bertram is a wealthy man and as such she is looking for an expensive present, a fur. The fact that Bertram is only a distant cousin is not important to Suzanne what matters to her is that she gets a fur. This is Suzanne’s first and only priority. Something that becomes clearer to the reader when Eleanor and Suzanne decide to ‘bump’ into Bertram so that they can bring him into the fur department of Goliath and Mastodon’s. At all stages of the story Suzanne thinks only of herself. A fact that disturbs Eleanor when Suzanne refuses to attend a bridge game in order that Eleanor can speak to Harry. If anything this is the spark which triggers Eleanor to seek revenge on Suzanne. Something she successfully manages to do when Bertram buys her the fur and Suzanne the fan.
What may also be important in the story is the fact that Suzanne is focused on appearance. She likes Bertram not because he might be a relative but because he is wealthy. Similarly the fact that Suzanne has a trip to Davos planned pushes her towards wanting to get a fur. So that she can fit in with the Russians in Davos who are wearing fur. It would seem to be a case that appearance is everything to Suzanne. She wants to be seen as something that she really isn’t. Which may very well be how Eleanor thinks until she decides to get revenge on Suzanne. Though Eleanor likes Harry Suzanne does not wish to be involved in any way in Eleanor and Harry’s courtship. She does not want to help Eleanor. Again she is acting selfishly thinking only of herself. Even though Eleanor is prepared to help her.
It is also interesting that Bertram is addressed by his surname rather than his first name when Suzanne is telling Eleanor about her present. It is as though Suzanne has become bitter having not received the present that she had wished for. If anything it is clear to the reader that Suzanne has being using Bertram for her own advantage. As too has Eleanor who wished to get the better of Suzanne and appears to have done so. It may also be a case that rather than being true friends both Suzanne and Eleanor have a superficial relationship. With both being only interested in what they can gain out of the friendship. Though it is noticeable that Eleanor prior to being rebuked by Suzanne does seem to genuinely want to help Suzanne. However Suzanne’s inability to assist Eleanor with Harry may have meant that Eleanor decided to review her friendship with Eleanor. There is also a sense that Suzanne is jealous of Eleanor. After all it is Eleanor who has received the fur. This may be important as already the reader is aware of the importance of appearance to Suzanne. Now that Eleanor has the fur Suzanne may not necessarily feel as confident about herself.
It is also possible that Saki is placing a spot light on society at the time. How easily swayed young women like Suzanne and Eleanor can be by another person’s wealth. Perhaps Saki is suggesting that some people look upon other people’s good fortune as being a tool which they can use for their own advantage. Suzanne wanting the fur from Bertram being an example. If anything an individual may act selfishly in order to gain something for themselves. With it being clear to the reader that Suzanne is being nice to Bertram simply because he is the person who can buy her what she wants. Rather than being satisfied with the fan and the kindness shown by Bertram. Suzanne is offended. She doesn’t seem to realise that Bertram could have chosen not to buy her anything for her birthday. Instead he went out of his way to buy the present. Even if Suzanne does not like it. One thing is also clear to the reader at the end of the story. That being the friendship between Suzanne and Eleanor has been rocked. Suzanne through her selfishness both with Bertram and Eleanor has not only got a birthday present she doesn’t want but she has also possibly lost a friend. Superficial or not. Which may be the point that Saki is making. It is possible that he is suggesting that it is better to be kind towards others and to help others than to think only of yourself. As Suzanne has done throughout the story.
Original link :
http://sittingbee.com/
Q. 3) Chal ghar chale
-Arijit Singh
Lyrics:- Sayeed Quadri
पल पल मेरा तेरे ही संग बिताना है
अपनी वफाओं से तुझे सजाना है
दिल चहता है तुझे कितना बताना है
हाँ तेरे सांथ ही मेरा ठिकाना है
अब थक चुके हैं ये कदम
चल घर चले मेरे हमदम
होन्गे जुदा ना जब तक है दम
चल घर चले मेरे हमदम
ताउम्र प्यार ना होगा कम
चल घर चले मेरे हमदम
मेरे रहो तुम और तेरे हम
चल घर चले मेरे हमदम
खूस्बूउओं से तेरी महके हर एक कमरा
दर ओ दीवार नही , काफी है तेरी पनाह
संग तेरे प्यार का जहान बसाना है
जिसमे रहें तुम और हम
चल घर चले मेरे हमदम
मेरे रहो तुम और तेरे हम
चल घर चले मेरे हमदम
खिडकी पे तू खडा देखे हाँ रस्ता मेरा
आंखो को हर दिन मिले यही एक मंजर तेरा
बस अब तेरी बाहों में जानम सो जाना है
जागे हुए रातों के हम
Q. 4) The Lost Child Summary in English by Mulk Raj Anand
Mulk Raj Anand, author of The Lost Child
Mulk Raj Anand was one of the first Indian writers who wrote in English and gained popularity at an international scale. He produced a remarkable body of work that contains several short stories, novels and essays. Anand was bom in Peshawar and his father was a coppersmith. Anand was a highly educated man; he graduated with honors from Punjab University and then went to University College, London. While studying in England, he worked at a restaurant to finance his education. He went on to earn a PhD from Cambridge University. This was also the time when he became involved in India’s struggle for independence.
He first gained popularity for his novels, Untouchable and Coolie. Among his other notable works is a trilogy consisting of The Village, Across the Black Waters and The Sword and the Sickle. Anand wrote extensively about the lives of the poor, oppressed Indian people and about social evils like the caste system, untouchability and communalism. Through his empathetic portrayal of the lives of the common Indian people, he provided stark social commentaries on the structures of society. Anand is regarded as one of the founding figures of Indian English literature.
The Lost Child Summary in English
The story is set during a spring festival. The road to the fair is full of people. An excited little boy is running alongside his father. He watches the toys in the shops with wonder and his parents tell him to hurry up. The child goes to his parents and feels the urge to tell his parents that he wants a toy, though he knows from the look on their faces that they will refuse. His father gives him a strict look while his mother gently tries to distract him by showing him the flowering mustard field. The child then begins chasing dragonflies and his mother has to call him back to the footpath. He walks with his parents for a while till once again, he becomes distracted by the insects and worms on the footpath. His parents call him from under the shade of a grove where they are seated and he runs towards them.
As he enters the grove, flowers begin to fall upon him and he begins collecting petals. Then he hears doves cooing and he runs towards his parents, dropping the petals and looking for the dove. He begins running around a banyan tree. His parents pick him up and take a narrow, winding footpath through the mustard fields to the fair. As they approach the village, the child sees that a huge crowd is gathering at the fair. He is both frightened and fascinated. The child sees a sweetmeat seller’s shop stacked with many coloured sweets. He murmurs that he wants to have a burfi—his favourite sweet. But he knows that his parents will call him greedy if he demands a sweet, so he does not wait for their answer. He then sees a flower-seller selling garlands of gulmohur flowers. He is very attracted by the flowers and softly murmurs that he wants one. But he knows his parents will say that the flowers look cheap, so he does not wait for an answer from them and walks ahead.
Next, the child sees a man selling balloons of many colours. He wants to get them all. But he knows his parents will say he is too old to play with balloons and so he walks ahead. Then he sees a snake charmer playing music to a snake that is coiled in a basket. The child knows that his parents will scold him for listening to such coarse music and so he walks on ahead.
Then the child comes upon a merry-go-round. He sees grownups and their children on it laughing and having fun. Finally, he requests his parents for a turn at the merry-go-round, but he receives no reply. He realises that his parents are nowhere around him. He panics and starts running around crying for his parents. He becomes overcome with fear and runs around, crying out for his parents. His yellow turban comes off and his clothes become dirty.
Soon, he exhausts himself and starts sobbing. He looks around for people dressed in yellow, but he cannot find his parents anywhere. He then runs to a shrine, walking under people’s legs, sobbing for his parents. The crowd thickens near the temple’s gates. Here, men are pushing each other and the child struggles to get ahead. He shrieks for his parents and a man notices him and lifts him up into his arms. He shields the child and takes him
away from the crowd. The man asks him who he is and how he came to be there. The child now cries even more bitterly and weeps for his mother and father.
To soothe the crying child, the man asks him if he wants to ride the merry-go-round. But the child says that he just wants his parents back. He then takes him to the snake charmer and tells him to listen to the music. But the child puts his hands over his ears and cries even louder. He keeps saying that he wants his parents.
The man offers to buy him a multi-coloured balloon from the balloon seller, but the child turns his eyes away from the balloons and asks for his parents. The man then takes him to the flower-seller and asks if he would like to wear a garland of fragrant flowers. The child turns his nose away and continues sobbing for his mother and father.
Lastly, the man brings the child back to the sweet-seller, hoping to console him with a sweet. He asks the child to choose a sweet. But the child continues to sob and says that all he wants are his mother and father.
The Lost Child Title
The title beautifully captures the reactions of the child to the world around him before and after he is lost.
The lesson is about an event that takes place in the life of a child who gets lost in a fair. It expresses the fears, anxieties and worries of this very young child who is separated from his parents due to his fascination with the world around him. When he gets lost and separated from his parents, however, his fascination with the world around is also lost.
The Lost Child Theme
The underlying theme of the story “The Lost Child” is the universality of a child’s desire for everything that he claps his eyes on. All that the child witnesses—from the toys lining the street, to the dragon flies in the mustard field, to the snake swaying to the tunes of a snake charmer’s pungi—obsesses the child. It is a visual assault on his senses. He looks at everything in wonder, his senses almost rejoicing at being alive. His parents on the other hand are like a parental control filter, making him abstain him from the lures of the illusionary world as if secretly knowing that what he needs most is something else entirely. They offer a quiet reminder that the child must learn to prioritise what is important and what is not in life.
In the end when the child loses his parents he understands what his parents’ silent gestures and reprimands were trying to teach him. He realises now that what he wanted most was his parents. He continuously refuses everything that the kind stranger offers to console him with—the very same things he was goading his parents for moments ago. Within minutes his life changes and offers him an entirely new perspective of looking at life and understanding what is truly important.
The Lost Child Message
The story highlights the value of relationships over material goods. The child realises the true value of his parents once he is separated from them. It also sheds light on the universal fear of children and parents of getting separated from one another and the result of such a calamity as seen from the eyes of a little child.
The Lost Child Characters
There are four characters without any names—the child, his parents, and the unknown man who tries to console the lost and sobbing child.
The child is very young and full of joy and excitement at the thought of visiting the fair. He is attracted by all the sights and sounds of the fair. Like all children of his age, he wants whatever catches his fancy, whether a sweetmeat or a dragonfly. He is however quite obedient and disciplined as he does not throw a tantrum when his parents don’t give him any of the things that he demands. In the end he dissolves into tears asjie realizes that he has lost his parents and makes a valiant effort to look for them, almost getting trampled underfoot by the people at the temple before he is rescued by a stranger. The same things that he had desired a little while ago lose all meaning when he gets separated from his parents.
The Parents
The father of the child appears to be a strict disciplinarian who does not give into the demands of the child for toys and sweets. He is the head of the family and both his wife and child do not question his decisions. In fact he seems to be leading the family, expecting them to follow him without dawdling.
The mother has been described as a typical loving mother who tries to soften the disappointment of the child by diverting his attention from the objects that he wants to possess. She seems to be tom between her husband and her child as she struggles to keep pace with her husband and at the same time keep her child from straying. At some point her attention seemed to have wavered, when her child gets separated from her.
The stranger appears to be a kind hearted man who rescues the lost child from under the feet of people thronging outside the temple. He tries hard to stop the child from weeping by offering him all the goodies at the fair and appears to be genuinely concerned to restore the child to his parents.
The Lost Child Summary Questions and Answers
Question 1.
What are the things the child sees on his way to the fair?
Answer:
He sees people gaily dressed, some on horses, some in bamboo or bullock carts. He also sees toys, dragon ‘flies, insects, worms, flowers, and doves on his way to the fair.
Question 2.
Why does the child lag behind?
Answer:
He lags behind because he is attracted by several of the things he sees on the way like toys, sweetmeats, dragonflies, flower garlands, the snake charmer and the roundabout.
Question 3.
What are the things that he wants at the fair?
Answer:
At first he wanted a burfi, then a garland of gulmohur flowers, next some colourful balloons, after that he was attracted by the snake charmer and finally he wanted a ride on the roundabout.
Question 4.
Why does the child move on without waiting for his parents’ answer whenever he asked for things that attracted him?
Answer:
He moves on without waiting for an answer because he knew they would not pay attention to his demands or give him what he asked for.
Question 5.
When does the child realize that he had lost his way?
Answer:
At the roundabout, when he turned to request his parents to allow him to sit on the ride, he did not get any reply. When he looked around for them he realized he had strayed away from his parents and lost his way.
Question 6.
How has the lost child’s anxiety and insecurity been described?
Answer:
His anxiety and insecurity have been described through his reaction to his realisation that he was lost. Tears rolled down his cheeks, his throat became dry, his face flushed and convulsed with fear and he ran in all directions in panic without knowing where to go.
Question 7.
Why does the lost child lose interest in the things that he had wanted earlier?
Answer:
He lost all interest in the things that he had wanted earlier because he felt fearful and insecure at being separated from his parents and all he wanted was to be reunited with them.
Question 8.
What do you think happens in the end? Does the child find his parents?
Answer:
This question can be answered in either way –
In my opinion the child is reunited with his parents who are also searching for him and find him crying in a stranger’s lap.
Or
No, the child is not reunited with his parents but is taken by the man who finds him and is brought up by him.
Question 9.
Why was the fair being held in the village?
Answer:
It was being held to celebrate the spring season.
Question 10.
What tells us that the little boy was excited about going to the fair?
Answer:
The fact that the little boy has been described as “brimming over with life and laughter” tells us that he was happy and excited to be going to the fair.
Original link :
https://www.learninsta.com/author/prasanna/
Q. 5) In Sahyadri Hills- A Lesson in Humility
About the Author
Sudha Murthy (b.1950) is the chairperson of the Infosys Foundation
and a member of the public health care initiatives of the Gates
Foundation. She is a computer scientist and engineer by profession
and a well known author in English and Kannada. She is also known
for her philanthropy and corporate social responsibility. She has
founded several orphanages, participated in rural development efforts,
supported the movement to provide all Karnataka government schools
with computer and library facilities, and established the 'The Murthy
Classical Library of India' at Harvard University. Murthy initiated a
bold move to introduce computer and library facilities in all schools in
Karnataka & taught computer science.
About the story
‘In Sahyadri Hills-A Lesson in Humility’ is a story taken from
the collection Wise and Otherwise: A Salute to Life (2002). It is an
account of her experiences with the tribal people living in the dense
forest of Karnataka. The story shows the changing vision of the tribal
folk who are ready to join the computer revolution in the
contemporary period. It also gives us a lesson on human nature that
teaches us ‘give when you take; do not take without giving.’
Summary
On one occasion, Sudha Murthy went to the Sahyadri Hills, a
densely forested area in Karnataka. She went to visit a tribal village
school to help them. The school was an old thatched building
probably built by the tribals themselves. It has a small room with two
chairs, two tables and a blackboard with a pot of water beside it.
There were no electric lights or fans but only shutter less opening
windows for ventilation. A person who is a tour guide worked as
watchman-cum-peon of the school for free. There were no paid
employees.
She had brought clothes and umbrellas for the children studying
in the rural school there. However, the senior most person of the tribe,
Thandappa refused to accept them initially. The children expressed
their wish to learn computers and asked for books written on
this topic in Kannada. Sudha Murthy promised to look for them when
she was back in Bangalore. She said that she would write one herself
if she could not find any. This made the children happy.
At this point of time, Thandappa gave her a bottle of juice made
from a red fruit. Sudha Murthy was hesitant to accept it as she had
gone there to give what she could not accept. Moreover, the locals
themselves had hardly anything to eat and drink. When she refused
politely, she was surprised that Thandappa also declined her gifts. He
said explained that as a matter of principle set upon them by their
ancestors, they could only accept gifts from someone when he had
something to offer in return and it was accepted.
Undoubtedly, Sudha Murthy was impressed and humbled by the
high principles followed by an old tribal man with no schooling which
is ‘give when you take; do not take without giving’ and ‘there is grace
in accepting also.
Glossary
region :any tract of land; any geographical area
shrub :a low woody plant that is smaller than a tree; bush
season :the four divisions of a year, i.e. spring, summer, autumn and
winter
exotic :something that does not belong to a place; strange;
uncommon
whistle : a high-pitched sound
beholden : to be in debt towards someone or something
glistening : to shine by reflecting light off a smooth or wet surface
peon : someone who does jobs in an office that does not require any particular
skill
knelt : to bend down and rest on knees
paradise : heaven; a pleasant and perfect place
hesitate : to be unsure
persuasion : the act of convincing somebody to do something
coaxing : to persuade someone gently
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